Influence of ZrO2 and SnO2 on the synthesis of Ba2Ti9O20 powders

The effects of ZrO2 and SnO2 dopants on the microstructure evolution of Ba2Ti9O20 were studied. The dopants facilitated the formation of phase-pure Ba2Ti9O20. At 1150 °C, there was more Ba2Ti9O20 phase for the doped sample. For the composition without dopants the Ba2Ti9O20 phase decomposed easily into BaTi4O9 phase at the high temperature, and more BaTi4O9 phase was observed at 1350 °C than at 1250 °C. ZrO2 and SnO2 could promote and stabilize Ba2Ti9O20 phase. BaTi5O11 and BaTi4O9 were intermediate phases before the formation of Ba2Ti9O20.