A piezoelectric tube with a double-layer configuration

A piezoelectric ceramic tube with a double-layer configuration was proposed in this paper. This actuator, made of a hard piezoelectric ceramic, was successfully prepared using an advanced technique, known as electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The fabrication process was introduced and the prepared piezoelectric tube showed a uniform structure. The bending displacement of the tube at clamped-free boundary condition was then theoretically derived and experimentally confirmed at various driving conditions. The predicted values showed good consistency with the experimental values.