Use of bacterial cell walls to improve the mechanical performance of concrete

This research presents the role of bacterial cell walls of Bacillus subtilis as a concrete admixture to improve the mechanical performance of concrete. The bacterial cell walls are known to mediate microbially induced carbonate precipitation, a process in which CaCO3 is formed from Ca2+ ions and dissolved CO2. Consistent with such knowledge, incorporation of bacterial cell walls increased carbonation of Ca(OH)2 and formation of CaCO3 in concrete. Furthermore, the bacterial cell walls significantly increased compressive strengths of concrete by 15% while also decreased porosity at 28 days of curing. Assay for CaCO3 precipitation in vitro indicated that bacterial cell walls, but not dead cells, accelerated carbonation of Ca2+ ions in Ca(OH)2 solution. Since CaCO3 formed can fill up the void, decrease the porosity and increase the compressive strength in concrete, bacterial cell walls could act as a promising concrete admixture with benefits in enhancing mechanical performance and improving other carbonation-related properties.