Lasting recognition of threatening people by wild American crows

While many domestic and laboratory animals recognize familiar humans, such ability in wild animals is only anecdotally known. Here we demonstrate experimentally that a cognitively advanced, social bird, the American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos, quickly and accurately learns to recognize the face of a dangerous person and continues to do so for at least 2.7 years. We exposed wild crows to a novel ‘dangerous face’ by wearing a unique face mask as we trapped, banded and released 7–15 birds at five sites near Seattle, WA, U.S.A. After trapping, crows consistently used harsh vocalizations to scold and mob people of different sizes, ages, genders and walking gaits who wore the dangerous mask, even when they were in crowds. In contrast, prior to trapping, few crows scolded people who wore the dangerous mask. Furthermore, after trapping, few crows scolded trappers who wore no mask or who wore a mask that had not been worn during trapping. In a fully crossed, balanced experiment in which each site had a unique trapping (dangerous) mask and five neutral masks, crows scolded and mobbed a mask more when it was the dangerous mask at that site than when it was a neutral mask at another site. When simultaneously presented with a person in the dangerous mask and a person in the neutral mask, crows typically ignored the neutral mask and followed and scolded the person wearing the dangerous mask. Risky, aggressive scolding by crows was sensitive to variable costs across study sites; aggression was less where people persecuted crows most. We suggest that conditioned and observational learning of specific threats may allow local bird behaviours to include aversions to individual people.