Effects of management on invertebrates and birds in extensively used grassland of Poland

The Entry Level Stewardship scheme, introduced in 2005, is the first non-competitive, broad-uptake scheme designed to deliver simple but effective environmental management on farms throughout England. While previous analysis suggests that the benefits of the scheme at the national scale may be limited thus far, efficacy may vary on a regional basis because of spatial differences in the uptake of individual options, in local environmental resource gaps or in the population status of key species. We assessed the influence of Entry Level Stewardship on regional population changes between 2005 and 2008 of farmland bird species. Trends were derived from standardised surveys carried out across eight geographical regions in England in more than 2000 lowland farmland 1 km squares. Birds showed apparent region-specific population trends and responses to Stewardship options. Boundary management had a positive association with the population trends of several species in both Yorkshire and the North West. Neither grass field margins nor the provision of winter foraging resources appeared to have any substantial benefits across any regions. An important influence of regional context was suggested by contrasting effect of management on some species, such as linnet, across regions. This study suggests that there are regional differences in the efficacy of options and responses of bird populations, although the number of tests conducted means that some of the apparent results may represent statistical artefacts. Nevertheless, this study suggests that agri-environment schemes like Entry Level Stewardship would be improved by greater consideration of regionality in biodiversity responses and efficacy than is currently common in standard schemes.