Urease inhibitor reduces N losses and improves plant-bioavailability of urea applied in fine particle and granular forms under field conditions

A field lysimeter/mini plot experiment was established in a silt loam soil near Lincoln, New Zealand, to investigate the effectiveness of urea fertilizer in fine particle application (FPA), with or without the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT – “Agrotain”), in decreasing nitrogen (N) losses and improving N uptake efficiency. The five treatments were: control (no N) and 15N-labelled urea, with or without NBPT, applied to lysimeters or mini plots (unlabelled urea), either in granular form to the soil surface or in FPA form (through a spray) at a rate equivalent to 100 kg N ha−1. Gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrate (NO3−) leaching, herbage dry-matter (DM) production, N-response efficiency, total N uptake and total recovery of applied 15N in the plant and soil varied with urea application method and with addition of NBPT. Urea with NBPT, applied in granular or FPA form, was more effective than in application without NBPT: N2O emissions were reduced by 7–12%, NH3 emissions by 65–69% and NO3− leaching losses by 36–55% compared with granular urea. Urea alone and with NBPT, applied in FPA form increased herbage DM production by 27% and 38%, respectively. The N response efficiency increased from 10 kg DM kg−1 of applied N with granular urea to 19 kg DM kg−1 with FPA urea and to 23 kg DM kg−1 with FPA urea plus NBPT. Urea applied in FPA form resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher 15N recovery in the shoots compared with granular treatments and this was improved further when urea in FPA form was applied with NBPT. These results suggest that applying urea with NBPT in FPA form has potential as a management tool in mitigating N losses, improving N-response efficiency and increasing herbage DM production in intensive grassland systems.