The discovery, characterization and crystallographically determined binding mode of an FMOC-containing inhibitor of HIV-1 protease Original Research Article

A pharmacophore derived from the structure of the dithiolane derivative of haloperidol bound in the active site of the HIV-1 protease (HIV-1 PR) has been used to search a three-dimensional database for new inhibitory frameworks. This search identified an FMOC-protected N-tosyl arginine as a lead candidate. A derivative in which the arginine carboxyl has been converted to an amide has been crystallized with HIV-1 PR and the structure has been determined to a resolution of 2.5 Å with a final R-factor of 18.5%. The inhibitor binds in an extended conformation that results in occupancy of the S2, S1′, and S3′ subsites of the active site. Initial structure-activity studies indicate that: (1) the FMOC fluorenyl moiety interacts closely with active site residues and is important for binding; (2) the NG-tosyl group is necessary to suppress protonation of the arginine guanidinyl terminus; and (3) the arginine carboxamide function is involved in interactions with the water coordinated to the catalytic aspartyl groups. FMOC-protected arginine derivatives, which appear to be relatively specific and nontoxic, offer promise for the development of useful HIV-1 protease inhibitors.