Novel analogs of d-e-MAPP and B13. Part 2: Signature effects on bioactive sphingolipids Original Research Article

Novel isosteric analogs of the ceramidase inhibitors (1S, 2R)-N-myristoylamino-phenylpropanol-1 (d-e-MAPP) and (1R, 2R)-N-myristoylamino-4′-nitro-phenylpropandiol-1,3 (B13) with modified targeting and physicochemical properties were developed and evaluated for their effects on endogenous bioactive sphingolipids: ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate (Cer, Sph, and S1P) in MCF7 cells as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). Time– and dose–response studies on the effects of these compounds on Cer species and Sph levels, combined with structure–activity relationship (SAR) data, revealed 4 distinct classes of analogs which were predominantly defined by modifications of the N-acyl-hydrophobic interfaces: N-acyl-analogs (class A), urea-analogs (class B), N-alkyl-analogs (class C), and ω-cationic-N-acyl analogs (class D). Signature patterns recognized for two of the classes correspond to the cellular compartment of action of the new analogs, with class D acting as mitochondriotropic agents and class C compounds acting as lysosomotropic agents. The neutral agents, classes A and B, do not have this compartmental preference. Moreover, we observed a close correlation between the selective increase of C16-, C14-, and C18-Cers and inhibitory effects on MCF7 cell growth. The results are discussed in the context of compartmentally targeted regulators of Sph, Cer species, and S1P in cancer cell death, emphasizing the role of C16-Cer. These novel analogs should be useful in cell-based studies as specific regulators of Cer–Sph–S1P inter-metabolism, in vitro enzymatic studies, and for therapeutic development.