Thrombomodulin induction in cultured human endothelial cells by 9-cis-locked retinoic acid analogues Original Research Article

9-cis-Retinoic acid (RA) analogues devised to lock the 9-cis double bond by ring formation were synthesized using two stereoselective carbon–carbon bond formation reactions as key steps. The palladium-mediated Suzuki reaction was adopted to construct a 7E-double bond (RA numbering) and the Horner–Emmons olefination was employed for stereoselective 11E-double bond (RA numbering) formation. The synthesized 9-cis-RA analogues that are locked by five-membered ring systems (cyclopentene, dihydrofuran, and dihydrothiophene) were shown to have comparable thrombomodulin induction activities to that of 9-cis RA. Conformational analysis of these compounds showed their similarity to 9-cis RA in the spatial orientation of the side chain and the terminal carboxy group.