Creation of resonance frequencies and enhancement of K by collective defect interactions and their novel applications Original Research Article

For endeavors in optics and photonics, it is always an advantage to be able to manipulate resonance in the index of refraction (n) of a specific material or device of interest. The reasons can be manifolds, for example, such that the material or device of interest may manifest some desirable spectral behavior, e.g., resonance peaks or resonance absorptions around certain frequencies (Ωs), or a modified shape of the refractive index vs. frequency relation. However, in natural or man-made bulk materials, such resonance frequencies are fixed, and may be at frequencies of no interest. To this end, one contemporary approach is to implement quantum dots or make quantum well structures on a host material, thus allowing the quantum mechanics to take effect. However, such “quantum mechanical” effort normally puts stringent requirements on all details of related processing tools and materials. Hence, instead, we were advocating some more “classical” alternatives, such as the collective defect engineering approach. In this approach, extra dipoles of desired resonance frequencies, in the form of molecules, crystal defects, nano-structures, are incorporated into the host materials to alter the latterʹs optical properties. Further, this paper aims at the cases where the desired dipoles of favorable resonance frequencies are unavailable, or hard to synthesize, and it will demonstrate that, under the guidance of the modified Clausius–Mossotti equation (CME), the collective co-working of more than one type of implemented defect dipoles may be utilized to generate new resonance at desired frequencies. In other words, the now created resonance is as if caused by some cluster of “phantom” resonating defect oscillators at the desired frequencies. An example of “down-shifted” resonance is given. Further, a novel idea of “strange mirror” in which a light impinging on it at certain incident angle is bounced at a very different reflection angle is presented. The latter may find its use in many areas, for example, the light coupling into an optic fiber.