Present status and future prospect of the Russian program for fusion low-activation materials

The Russian Fusion Materials Program (1998–2000, Minatom of Russia) includes the study of low (reduced)-activation V–Ti–Cr alloys, heat-resistant ferritic–martensitic steels and beryllium. The focus of the vanadium alloy program is on the high purity and homogeneity of V–(4–20)Ti–(4–10)Cr ingots (30–50 kg). The main compositions are V–(8–10)Ti–(4–5)Cr and V–4Ti–4Cr alloys. The focus of the steel program is on 10–12% Cr heat-resistant reduced-activation ferritic–martensitic steels (RAFMS). The focus of the beryllium program is on increasing production scale, decreasing impurity concentrations (decreasing of activation level), and new materials development, such as porous (15–30% open porosity) Be and new grades of Be.