High temperature reactivity of two chromium-containing alloys in impure helium

Chromium-rich nickel base alloys 617 and 230 are promising candidate materials for very high temperature gas-cooled reactors (VHTR) but they must resist corrosion in the impure primary cooling helium over very long times. The impurities of the hot helium can promote the development of chromium-rich surface oxides that appear to protect the alloys against intensive corrosion processes. However above a critical temperature (typically in the range 1173–1273 K), chromium oxide is reduced by carbon from the alloy and the surface layer is not stable anymore. Depending on the gas composition, the unprotected material rapidly either gains or loses carbon with a dramatic impact on its mechanical properties. The deleterious reaction of chromia and carbon thus fixes an ultimate reactor operating temperature. Critical temperature measurements are presented for alloys 617 and 230 and the influence of carbon monoxide partial pressure in helium is discussed.