The influence of nitrogen sources on nitrogen doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes

A range of nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) was produced by a nebulised floating catalyst method at 850 °C using a mixture of toluene and 1–8% nitrogen containing reagents (a range of amines and amides). The carbon nanotube (CNT) products were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), CHN analysis as well as Raman spectroscopy. Differences due to the different N containing reagents were noted but in general all reagents gave aligned CNTs that at low concentration (1%) were longer and wider than those produced without nitrogen. Increased N content in the reactant mixture gave doped tubes that became shorter and showed more disorder. Treatment of the N-CNTs with nitric acid (microwave, 30 min) gave samples that were chemically modified by the acid (loss of alignment, narrower tubes and more facile oxidation). It appears in general that the amount of N in the nitrogen containing reagent is more important than the source and type of the N atoms used as revealed by trends in the morphology (diameter, length) of the N-CNTs produced.