Simulation of earing behaviors in bake hardening steel exhibiting a strong off-γ-fiber component

Analytical theory and a crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) were used to simulate the earing profiles of drawn cups of bake hardening (BH) steel. The two approaches successfully predicted the earing profiles. To analyze the effects of major texture components on earing, orientation distribution functions (ODFs) for 2 γ-fiber ({1 1 1}<1 1 0>, {1 1 1}<1 1 2>) and 1 off-γ-fiber ({5 5 4}<2 2 5>) texture components were calculated using Gaussian standard functions. The proposed two approaches capture the individual contributions of major texture components on the earing profiles of BH steel.