Chitosan/Riboflavin-modified demineralized dentin as a potential substrate for bonding

Previous studies have suggested different approaches to modify dentin collagen for potential improvement in bonding to dentin. Here, we are proposing a new approach to reinforce dentin collagen fibrils network by chitosan as a reinforcement phase and UVA-activated riboflavin as crosslinking agent within clinically acceptable time-frame as potential substrate for bonding. The effect of modifying demineralized dentin substrates with chitosan/riboflavin, with a gradual increase in chitosan content, was investigated by SEM, nano-indentation, conventional-mechanical testing and hydroxyproline (HYP) release at collagenolytic and/or hydrolytic challenges. The resin/dentin interface morphology, immediate bond strength and short-term bond durability were also investigated using etch-and-rinse dentin adhesive. Modification with chitosan/riboflavin increased the mechanical properties, enhanced the mechanical stability of demineralized dentin substrates against hydrolytic and/or collagenolytic degradation challenges and decreased HYP release with collagenase exposure. When chitosan was added to riboflavin at 20% v/v ratio, significant improvement in bond strength at 24 h and 6 months in distilled water was found indicating the positive dual effect on bonding to dentin. With the gradual increase in chitosan content, obliteration of interfibrillar-spaces that might adversely affect bonding to dentin was found. Although it has a synergetic effect, chitosan content is crucial for any subsequent application in adhesive dentistry.