Turbulent transport of particles in a straight square duct

Turbulent flow through a duct of square cross-section gives rise to off-axis secondary flows, which are known to transfer momentum between fluid layers thereby flattening the velocity profile. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the secondary flows in the transport and dispersion of particles suspended in a turbulent square duct flow. We have numerically simulated a flow through a square duct having a Reynolds number of Reτ = 300 through discretization of the Navier–Stokes equations, and followed the trajectories of a large number of passive tracers and finite-inertia particles under a one-way coupling assumption. Snapshots of particle locations and statistics of single-particle and particle pair dispersion were analyzed. It was found that lateral mixing is enhanced for passive tracers and low-inertia particles due to the lateral advective transport that is absent in straight pipe and channels flows. Higher inertia particles accumulate close to the wall, and thus tend to mix more efficiently in the streamwise direction since a large number of the particles spend more time in a region where the mean fluid velocity is small compared to the bulk. Passive tracers tend to remain within the secondary swirling flows, circulating between the core and boundary of the duct.