Solid-state supercritical CO2 foaming of PCL and PCL-HA nano-composite: Effect of composition, thermal history and foaming process on foam pore structure

In this work we investigated the solid-state supercritical CO2 (scCO2) foaming of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL), a semi-crystalline, biodegradable polyester, and PCL loaded with 5 wt% of hydroxyapatite (HA) nano-particles. er to investigate the effect of the thermal history and eventual residue of the crystalline phase on the pore structure of the foams, samples were subjected to three different cooling protocols from the melt, and subsequently foamed by using scCO2 as blowing agent. The foaming process was performed in the 37–40 °C temperature range, melting point of PCL being 60 °C. The saturation pressure, in the range from 10 to 20 MPa, and the foaming time, from 2 to 900 s, were modulated in order to control the final morphology, porosity and pore structure of the foams and, possibly, to amplify the original differences among the different samples. sults of this study demonstrated that by the scCO2 foaming it was possible to produce PCL and PCL-HA foams with homogeneous morphologies at relatively low temperatures. Furthermore, by the appropriate combination of materials properties and foaming parameters, we prepared foams with porosities in the 55–85% range, mean pore size from 40 to 250 μm and pore density from 105 to 108 pore/cm3. Finally, we also proposed a two-step depressurization foaming process for the design of bi-modal and highly interconnected foams suitable as scaffolds for tissue engineering.