Identifying ‘paradigm failures’ contributing to treatment-resistant depression

Background ment resistant depression’ is likely to emerge from a number of factors, including application of the wrong diagnostic and treatment models. t paradigms for managing both depression and treatment resistant depression are considered. We then examine the prevalence of a set of paradigm failures that appeared to contribute to treatment resistant depression in outpatients of a tertiary referral Mood Disorders Unit. s lustrative paradigm failures are described and their frequencies within the clinical sample reported. Identified paradigm failures were diagnosing and/or managing a non-melancholic condition as if it were melancholic depression, failure to diagnose and manage bipolar disorder, psychotic depression or melancholic depression, misdiagnosing secondary depression and failure to identify organic determinants. sion gest that the identification of such ‘paradigm failures’–and of others that can be assumed to operate–has the potential to enrich the assessment and management of depressed patients, and reduce the prevalence of treatment resistance.