Development of an ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction method for sensitive determination of biogenic amines: Application to the analysis of octopamine, tyramine and phenethylamine in beer samples

A simple and efficient method, ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction, has been developed for the determination of three biogenic amines including octopamine (OCT), tyramine (TYR) and phenethylamine (PHE). Fluorescence probe 2, 6-dimethyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester was applied for derivatization of biogenic amines and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection was used for the determination of the derivatives. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency, such as the type and volume of ionic liquid, ultrasonication time and centrifugation time have been investigated in detail. Under the optimum conditions, linearity of the method was observed in the range of 0.5–50 μg mL−1 for OCT and TYR, and 0.025–2.5 μg mL−1 for PHE, respectively, with correlation coefficients (γ) > 0.996. The limits of detection ranged from 0.25–50 ng mL−1 (S/N = 3). The spiked recoveries of three target compounds in beer samples were in the range of 90.2–114%. As a result, this method has been successfully applied for the sensitive determination of OCT, TYR and PHE in beer samples.