Ambient atmosphere bonding of titanium foil to a transparent conductive oxide and anodic growth of titanium dioxide nanotubes

Titania nanotubes were fabricated by anodization of titanium foil bonded to fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated glass (FTO) by an adhesion layer of low-melting-temperature metals. The bonding layer characteristics depended on pressure and ambient environment. The bonding composition is similar to lead-free solder and the addition of antimony improved wetting further. This process presents a rapid, low-cost method for obtaining high-quality, anodizable Ti foil on FTO.