Using fewer animals to identify chemical eye hazards: Revised criteria necessary to maintain equivalent hazard classification

U.S. Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA) regulations specify eye safety testing procedures and hazard classification criteria for substances regulated by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Current regulations require up to three sequential 6-animal tests. Testing consistent with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline for eye irritation/corrosion, which specifies 3 animals, can also be submitted to US agencies. However, current FHSA regulations do not provide criteria to classify results from 3-animal tests. An analysis was conducted to determine criteria using results from 3-animal tests that would provide equivalent labeling to FHSA regulations. The frequency that FHSA requirements identify substances as ocular irritants was compared with the frequency that a criterion of either ⩾1/3 or ⩾2/3 positive animals would identify these substances. A database of rabbit eye tests was also used to estimate over- and underprediction rates for each criterion. In each instance, a criterion of ⩾1/3 positive animals more closely matched the expected outcome based on FHSA requirements, while a criterion of ⩾2/3 positive animals identified far fewer irritants. Using a classification criterion of ⩾1/3 positive animals provided equivalent or greater eye hazard labeling as current FHSA requirements, while using 50–83% fewer animals.