On the fracture possibility of thin-walled tubes under axial crushing

Thin-walled tubes are widely used as energy absorption components in vehicle crashworthiness design where axial crushing is one of the most typical loading conditions. Lightweight materials such as high-strength steel, aluminum and magnesium have been applied for thin-walled tubes for weight reduction. Meanwhile, most of these lightweight materials are more brittle and easily fractured than traditional steel. Distribution and history of stress triaxiality and equivalent strain in the thin-walled tubes under axial crushing have been analyzed in this article with finite element simulation, as these two parameters of stress and strain states are commonly used for constructing fracture locus of materials. It is observed that both stress triaxiality and equivalent strain are transferring along the tube length like waves. Analysis results show that fracture is more likely to take place on the edge than the other positions of square thin-walled tubes. For identical axial crushing stroke, there is little difference of stress and strain states inside the square thin-walled tubes with initial impact velocity varying from 6 m/s to 24 m/s. Influence of geometrical parameters on the stress and strain states have also been analyzed, including the shape of cross-section corner, the wall thickness and the shape of cross-section, respectively. Analysis results in this article may offer references for design of thin-walled tubes and the necessary experimental characterization of mechanical properties for lightweight materials.