Usefulness of D-optimal designs and multicriteria optimization in laborious analytical procedures: Application to the extraction of quinolones from eggs

An analytical method has been developed to extract ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin from eggs. The aim of this work is to determine the experimental conditions of extraction providing high recoveries with small standard deviations. An experimental design based on the D-optimality criterion and replicated three times was built to evaluate the effect of five factors related to the extraction which is the most inaccurate stage of the procedure. This non-classical design is needed because there are several practical constraints: (i) the extraction procedure is time-consuming, quinolones are not stable and the design must be performed in a single working session. (ii) The tube capacity of the centrifuge is 6, so the number of experiments will be 6 or a multiple of 6. In the optimal experimental conditions, the extraction is performed once with 5 ml of methanol. Then, fatty acids are removed with a mixture of hexane/ether. Analytes are finally separated and detected by HPLC-fluorescence without the additional step of purification by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Under these conditions, the mean recovery is 64% and 70% and the standard deviation 5% and 4% for ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, respectively. The capability of decision, CCα, is 3.1 and 2.8 μg kg−1 of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, respectively. The capability of detection, CCβ, is 7.8 and 7.0 μg kg−1 of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, respectively. In both cases the probabilities of false positive, α, and of false negative, β, were fixed at 0.05.