The influence of random slowdown process and lock-step effect on the fundamental diagram of the nonlinear pedestrian dynamics: An estimating-correction cellular automaton

Random slowdown process and lock-step effect, observed from real-life observation and the experiments of other researchers, were investigated in the view of the pedestrian microscopic behaviors. Due to the limited controllability, repeatability and randomness of the pedestrian experiments, a new estimating-correction cellular automaton was established to research the influence of random slowdown process and lock-step effect on the fundamental diagram. The first step of the model is to estimate the next time-step status of the neighbor cell in front of the tracked pedestrian. The second step is to correct the status and confirm the position of the tracked pedestrian in the next time-step. It is found that the random slowdown process and lock-step have significant influence on the curve configuration and the characteristic parameters, including the concavity–convexity, the inflection point, the maximum flow rate and the critical density etc. The random slowdown process reduces the utilization of the available space between two adjacent pedestrians in the longitudinal direction, especially in the region of intermediate density. However, the lock-step effect enhances the utilization of the available space, especially in the region of high density.