How do Adjustments in the Forest Landscape Resulting from Environmental Demands Affect the Costs and Revenues to Forestry?

The provision of forest environmental commodities is dependent on the tree species composition and the silvicultural systems used in timber production. Adaptations in silvicultural practice that increase the environmental value of the forest involve a change in the revenues from, and the costs to, forestry. In this study, a cost estimation method is presented using a system for long-term forecasts of timber yields and potential cut. The study focuses on the adaptation costs associated with a change from todayʹs silvicultural systems and tree species composition to a scenario where maximum consideration is given to the environmental values of the forest landscape. The calculations led, approximately, to a 20% reduction in logged timber volumes in the environmental scenario, which corresponds to a 10% loss of profit.