Simulation in CNS/ATM research with examples from the United States

Technology advances, particularly in computer hardware and software, have made simulation an essential tool in Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) research and development. Both real and fast time simulations find use in applications ranging from early concept exploration to pre-operational laboratory testing. ATM research labs throughout the world are making common use of these tools. They range from relatively small-scale labs at universities to costly high fidelity cockpit and ATC simulators at major government labs, such as NASA Ames Research Center. Networked simulators are making it possible to study the complex interactions of numerous actors (computers and people), possibly with new roles, in future ATM systems.