Numerical simulation using CFD software of countercurrent gas–liquid flow in a PWR hot leg under reflux condensation

In order to improve the countercurrent flow model of a transient analysis code, countercurrent air–water tests were previously conducted using a 1/15 scale model of the PWR hot leg and numerical simulations of the tests were carried out using the two-fluid model implemented in the CFD software FLUENT 6.3.26. The predicted flow patterns and CCFL characteristics agreed well with the experimental data. However, the validation of the interfacial drag correlation used in the two-fluid model was still insufficient, especially regarding the applicability to actual PWR conditions. In this study, we measured water levels and wave heights in the 1/15 scale setup to understand the characteristics of the interfacial drag, and we considered a relationship between the wave height and the interfacial drag coefficient. Numerical simulations to examine the effects of cell size and interfacial drag correlations on numerical predictions were conducted under PWR plant conditions. Wave heights strongly related with the water level and interfacial drag coefficient, which indicates that the interfacial drag force mainly consists of form drag. The cell size affected the gas velocity at the onset of flooding in the process of increasing gas flow rate. The gas volumetric fluxes at CCFL predicted using fine cells were higher than those using normal cells. On the other hand, the cell size did not have a significant influence on the process of decreasing gas flow rate. The predictions for the PWR condition using a reference set of interfacial drag correlations agreed well with the Upper Plenum Test Facility data of the PWR scale experiment in the region of medium gas volumetric fluxes. The reference interfacial drag correlations employed in this study can be applied to the PWR conditions.