Large-scale production of UO2 kernels by sol–gel process at INET

In order to supply elements (300,000 elements per year) for the Chinese pebble bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTR-PM), it is necessary to scale up the production of UO2 kernels to 3–6 kgU per batch. The sol–gel process for preparation of UO2 kernels have been improved and optimized at Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET), Tsinghua University, PR China, and a whole set of facility was designed and constructed based on the process. This report briefly describes the main steps of the process, the key equipment and the production capacities of every step. Six batches of kernels for scale-up verification and four batches of kernels for fuel elements for in-pile irradiation tests have been successfully produced, respectively. The quality of the produced kernels meets the design requirements. The production capacity of the process reaches 3–6 kgU per batch.