Differential Inhibitory Action of Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite on Mitochondrial Electron Transport

Various authors have suggested that nitric oxide (•NO) exerts cytotoxic effects through the inhibition of cellular respiration. Indeed, in intact cells•NO inhibits glutamate–malate (complex I) as well as succinate (complex II)-supported mitochondrial electron transport, without affecting TMPD/ascorbate (complex IV)-dependent respiration. However, experiments in our lab using isolated rat heart mitochondria indicated that authentic•NO inhibited electron transport mostly by reversible binding to the terminal oxidase, cytochrome a3, having a less significant effect on complex II- and no effect on complex I-electron transport components. The inhibitory action of•NO was more profound at lower oxygen tensions and resulted in a differential spectra similar to that observed in dithionite-treated mitochondria. On the other hand, continuous fluxes of•NO plus superoxide (O•−2), which lead to formation of micromolar steady-state levels of peroxynitrite anion (ONOO−), caused a strong inhibition of complex I- and complex II-dependent mitochondrial oxygen consumption and significantly inhibited the activities of succinate dehydrogenase and ATPase, without affecting complex IV-dependent respiration and cytochrome c oxidase activity. In conclusion, even though nitric oxide can directly cause a transient inhibition of electron transport, the inhibition pattern of mitochondrial respiration observed in the presence of peroxynitrite is the one that closely resembles that found secondary to•NO interactions with intact cells and strongly points to peroxynitrite as the ultimate reactive intermediate accounting for nitric oxide-dependent inactivation of electron transport components and ATPase in living cells and tissues.