Protein Kinase CK2 Down-Regulates Glucose-Activated Expression of the Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Gene

It has been suggested that, in pancreatic β-cells, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a key enzyme in glucose signal transduction leading to glucose-induced insulin secretion. The PII promoter is the only active promoter for the ACC gene in the β-cell. Here we report that, in the pancreatic β-cell, high glucose levels (above 20 mm) activate Sp1 binding to the glucose response element of the PII promoter, which leads to a dose-dependent increase in PII transcription. The expression of a gene coding protein kinase CK2 (CK2) α subunit, or the presence of okadaic acid (a serine/threonine protein phosphatase inhibitor), partially blocks the glucose activation of PII transcription. The inhibitory effect of CK2 α, or okadaic acid, was not observed in the absence of glucose or at low glucose concentrations. Phosphorylation of Sp1 by CK2 α leads to the inactivation of Sp1 binding to PII. Dephosphorylation of the phosphorylated Sp1 by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) activates the binding of Sp1 to PII. Inhibition of PP1-catalyzed Sp1 dephosphorylation by okadaic acid, or PP1 specific inhibitor 2, decreases Sp1 binding to PII. These results suggest that the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of Sp1 by CK2/PP1 may be the underlying mechanism by which the expression of the PII promoter of ACC is controlled in the process of glucose-mediated insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells.