High-Level Expression of RXRα and the Presence of Endogenous Ligands Contribute to Expression of a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Responsive Gene in Hepatoma Cells

Genes containing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) binding sites are both inducible by peroxisome proliferators and expressed in a tissue-specific fashion. A PPAR-responsive reporter gene cotransfected with a PPARα expression vector was highly expressed in H4IIEC3 hepatoma cells. Addition of clofibrate resulted in a modest further induction of the reporter gene. In CV-1 cells, high expression of the reporter required the addition of clofibrate. H4IIEC3 cells had higher levels of retinoid X receptor (RXRα) than CV-1 cells; cotransfection of CV-1 cells with PPARα plus RXRα expression plasmids abolished the cell line difference in basal and clofibrate-stimulated expression of the reporter. Lipid extracts of hepatoma cells or of liver or kidney stimulated expression of the reporter; extracts of CV-1 cells were far less effective. Chromatographic analysis of these extracts revealed high levels of three fractions of lipid in liver and H4IIEC3 cells that were lower in CV-1 cells. We conclude that (1) in cells expressing high levels of both RXRs and PPARα, such as hepatocytes and kidney cells, these factors are constitutively active; (2) activators of PPARα may increase its ability to form heterodimers with RXRs when the latter are limiting; and (3) hepatoma cells, liver, and kidney contain lipid-extractable compounds capable of activating PPARα.