Conversion of fructose into 5-HMF catalyzed by GeCl4 in DMSO and [Bmim]Cl system at room temperature

Conversion of fructose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) catalyzed by Germanium(IV) chloride was studied in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and [Bmim]Cl system at room temperature. The structure of ionic liquids and the ratio of ionic liquids to DMSO had a remarkable effect on this new catalytic system. The results indicated that 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) was favorable for the dehydration of fructose to HMF. Under optimal conditions, a high HMF yield in 70% was obtained at 25 °C. In addition, it was also proved that there was a synergistic effect between the cation and anion of [Bmim]Cl on the dehydration of fructose to HMF by designed experiments. Finally, a possible mechanism for the dehydration of fructose to HMF was proposed.