Straw N-halamines: Evaluation in single and multistage filtration systems

New N-halamines (I-Cl and II-Cl) based on cellulose extracted from rice straw have been evaluated in single and multistage filtration systems against bacteria and viruses. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used as examples of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria respectively while PRD1 bacteriophage was used as an example for viruses. II-Cl has achieved 9 log reductions in viable counts against E. coli in 2 h and S. aureus in 1 h while it has achieved 7 log reductions against PRD1 in 5 h. The particle size of prepared materials was modified as well as the flow rate through the filtration systems. The antimicrobial activity of modified cellulose was proved to be comparable to some synthetic biocidal polymers from the same type in similar water treatment systems.