Enzymatic formation of apo-carotenoids from the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin by ferret carotene-9′,10′-monooxygenase

Xanthophyll carotenoids, such as lutein, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin, may provide potential health benefits against chronic and degenerative diseases. Investigating pathways of xanthophyll metabolism are important to understanding their biological functions. Carotene-15,15′-monooxygenase (CMO1) has been shown to be involved in vitamin A formation, while recent studies suggest that carotene-9′,10′-monooxygenase (CMO2) may have a broader substrate specificity than previously recognized. In this in vitro study, we investigated baculovirus-generated recombinant ferret CMO2 cleavage activity towards the carotenoid substrates zeaxanthin, lutein and β-cryptoxanthin. Utilizing HPLC, LC–MS and GC–MS, we identified both volatile and non-volatile apo-carotenoid products including 3-OH-β-ionone, 3-OH-α-ionone, β-ionone, 3-OH-α-apo-10′-carotenal, 3-OH-β-apo-10′-carotenal, and β-apo-10′-carotenal, indicating cleavage at both the 9,10 and 9′,10′ carbon–carbon double bond. Enzyme kinetic analysis indicated the xanthophylls zeaxanthin and lutein are preferentially cleaved over β-cryptoxanthin, indicating a key role of CMO2 in non-provitamin A carotenoid metabolism. Furthermore, incubation of 3-OH-β-apo-10′-carotenal with CMO2 lysate resulted in the formation of 3-OH-β-ionone. In the presence of NAD+, in vitro incubation of 3-OH-β-apo-10′-carotenal with ferret hepatic homogenates formed 3-OH-β-apo-10′-carotenoic acid. Since apo-carotenoids serve as important signaling molecules in a variety of biological processes, enzymatic cleavage of xanthophylls by mammalian CMO2 represents a new avenue of research regarding vertebrate carotenoid metabolism and biological function.