The monooxygenase, peroxidase, and peroxygenase properties of cytochrome P450

This review examines the monooxygenase, peroxidase, and peroxygenase properties of cytochrome P450 (P450)1Abbreviations used: AaP, Agrocybe aegerita peroxidase; BaP-7,8-diol, benzo[a]pyrene-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol; 7-BQ, 7-benzyloxyquinoline; CCP, cytochrome c peroxidase; Cpd I, Compound I; Cpd II, Compound II; CPO, chloroperoxidase; CPR, NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase; CuOOH, cumene hydroperoxide; CYP or P450, cytochrome P450; DFT, density functional theory; 7-EFC, 7-ethoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin; ENDOR, electron-nuclear double resonance; EXAFS, extended X-ray absorption fine structure; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; KIE, kinetic isotope effect; MM, molecular mechanical; 12-pNCA, 12-p-nitrophenoxycarboxylic acid; PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; QM, quantum mechanical; TMPD, tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine. mes and their mechanisms of action in archaeal, bacterial, and mammalian systems. In the P450 catalytic cycle, a transient iron oxo monooxygenating species is generated that reacts with substrate to produce a monooxygenated product. We describe results of early investigations that endeavored to trap and detect this elusive monooxygenating species, as well as results of experiments that attempted to generate and characterize this active oxidant spectroscopically after reacting ferric P450 enzymes with peroxy compounds (e.g. peroxides, peracids) or single oxygen atom donors (e.g. periodate, iodosobenzene). Surrogate oxidants were able to promote P450-catalyzed monooxygenations in a manner similar to that of O2/NAD(P)H, suggesting involvement of a common transitory monooxygenating species in the two pathways. This common P450 oxidant was characterized as a porphyrin radical iron(IV) oxo complex and assigned a Compound I structure (Por+FeIV=O) exhibiting a formal Fe(V) oxidation state. Other reactive oxidants, such as the ferric oxenoid complex (PorFeIII=O), ferryloxy radical species (PorFeIV–O), and perferryloxo entity (PorFeV=O), were also proposed to function as P450 monooxygenating species. We also discuss the possible involvement of the ferriperoxo (PorFeIII–OO−) and ferrihydroperoxo (PorFeIII–OOH) species as alternative oxidants in P450-mediated monooxygenation reactions.