The use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis in predicting the alkaline hydrothermal conversion of fly ash precipitates into zeolites

The use and application of synthetic zeolites for ion exchange, adsorption and catalysis has shown enormous potential in industry. In this study, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis was used to determine Si and Al in fly ash (FA) precipitates. The Si and Al contents of the fly ash precipitates were used as indices for the alkaline hydrothermal conversion of the fly ash compounds into zeolites. Precipitates were collected by using a co-disposal reaction wherein fly ash is reacted with acid mine drainage (AMD). These co-disposal precipitates were then analysed by XRF spectrometry for quantitative determination of SiO2 and Al2O3. The [SiO2]/[Al2O3] ratio obtained in the precipitates range from 1.4 to 2.5. The [SiO2]/[Al2O3] ratio was used to predict whether the fly ash precipitates could successfully be converted to faujasite zeolitic material by the synthetic method of [J. Haz. Mat. B 77 (2000) 123]. If the [SiO2]/[Al2O3] ratio is higher than 1.5 in the fly ash precipitates, it favours the formation of faujasite. The zeolite synthesis included an alkaline hydrothermal conversion of the co-disposal precipitates, followed by aging for 8 h and crystallization at 100 °C. Different factors were investigated during the synthesis of zeolite to ascertain their influence on the end product. The factors included the amount of water in the starting material, composition of fly ash related starting material and the FA:NaOH ratio used for fusing the starting material. The mineralogical and physical analysis of the zeolitic material produced was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (N2 BET) surface analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the morphology of the zeolites, while inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and Cation exchange capacity (CEC) [Report to Water Research Commission, RSA (2003) 15] techniques were used for chemical characterisation. The heavy and trace metal concentrations of the zeolite products were compared to that of the post-synthesis filtrate and of the precipitate materials used as Si and Al feed stock for zeolite formation, in order to determine the trends (increase or decrease) and ultimate fate of any toxic metals incorporated in the co-disposed precipitated residues.