Topology optimization for braced frames: Combining continuum and beam/column elements

This paper describes an integrated topology optimization technique with concurrent use of both continuum four-node quadrilateral finite elements and discrete two-node beam elements to design structural braced frames that are part of the lateral system of a high-rise building. The work explores the analytical aspects of optimal geometry for braced frames to understand the underlying behavior and provides a theoretical benchmark to compare numerical results. The influence of the initial assumptions for the interaction between the quadrilaterals and the frame members are discussed. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the present technique on high-rise building structures.