The application of boron-doped diamond electrodes in amperometric biosensors

Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes outperform conventional electrodes in terms of high stability, chemical inertness, wide potential window and low background current. Combining the superior properties of BDD electrodes with the merits of biosensors, such as specificity, sensitivity, and fast response, amperometric biosensors based on BDD electrodes have attracted the interests of many researchers. In this review, the latest advances of BDD electrodes with different surfaces including hydrogen-terminated, oxygen-terminated, metal nanoparticles-modified, amine-terminated, and carboxyl-terminated thin films, and microelectrodes, for the construction of various biosensors or the direct detection of biomolecules were demonstrated. The future trends of BDD electrodes in biosensing were also discussed.