Total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of element inlets from mining activities at the upper Tisza catchment area, Hungary

Natural freshwater and biofilm samples collected at seven sites at the upper catchment area of the Tisza river system in Hungary were analyzed by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectrometry. On the basis of the results, it could be established that there are elevated trace element concentrations in the river Szamos compared to the upper course of the river Tisza. A portable TXRF spectrometer was also used for in-field water analysis. Using the portable TXRF spectrometer, a rapid screening of trace elements was possible just before the confluence of both rivers. The in-field analysis confirmed the statement above. Since biofilms are very good trace element scavengers, the elevated trace element concentrations were also found in the naturally grown biofilms.