X-ray standing waves imaging

The 2D dielectric phases and phase transitions of adsorbed dipolar molecules are modeled using a dilute spin-one Ising model. This model is studied in the Blume–Emery–Griffiths formalism, using a mean-field approximation, where the interaction parameters are uniquely determined from the system interaction energies using an averaging procedure. The model is applied to four monhalogenated methane species physisorbed on MgO(1 0 0) and NaCl(1 0 0) surfaces using previous experimental and theoretical studies to estimate the interaction energy parameters. We find that temperature- and coverage-dependent antiferroelectric to ferroelectric, coverage-dependent ferroelectric up to ferroelectric down, reentrant ferroelectric to ferrielectric, and order-disorder dipole phase transitions can occur. Phase diagrams based on this model are presented.