Substrate selection for optimum qualitative and quantitative single atmospheric particles analysis using nano-manipulation, sequential thin-window electron probe X-ray microanalysis and micro-Raman spectrometry

Sequential electron probe X-ray microanalysis using thin-window energy dispersive X-ray detection (TW-EDX-EPMA) and micro-Raman spectrometry (MRS) on the same atmospheric particle using nano-manipulation, is demonstrated. The advantageous combination of these two techniques allows information on the morphology, size, elemental and molecular composition, as well as the molecular structure of the same individual particle with a diameter as small as 500 nm. The use of an ultra-thin atmospheric window and a cold stage in EPMA enables qualitative and quantitative analysis of low-Z elements like C, N, and O as well as higher-Z elements. The work illustrates substrate optimisation and subsequent application in the analysis of atmospheric particles. Particle relocation was achieved by manipulative transfer onto transmission electron microscope grids, in an environmental scanning electron microscope, using 100 nm glass tips. A moderate correlation between the elemental composition obtained by TW-EDX-EPMA and the molecular fingerprint obtained by MRS is illustrated and its useful application in the interpretation of indoor air quality is discussed.