Model for dilute gas–particle flow in constant-area lance with heating and friction

Considering the influence of the heat transfer and friction between the dilute gas–particle flow and the inner wall of lance, a mathematical model describing the behavior of the dilute gas–particle flow passing through constant-area lance has been developed. According to the Mach number checkout method, the choking phenomena for heat and friction of dilute gas–particle flow with the lance wall were determined. At the same time, the critical duct length of gas–particle flow was acquired by the model.