Stresses of cohesionless granular flows in liquids

We construct constitutive relations for friction stress, slide stress and collision stress of cohesionless granular flows. We propose that the friction stress and slide stress could be neglected when τc/τe < 0.02, where τc represents the interval time experienced by a given particle between two consecutive binary collisions and τe the particle relaxation time. We applied these constitutive relations to a simulation of solid–liquid flow in an inclined chute and found the simulation results agree with experimental data.