Three-dimensional simulation using fixed coarse-grid thermal-fluid scheme and conduction heat transfer scheme in distinct element method

Three-dimensional simulation using particle–thermal-fluid coupling scheme with a mixed Lagrangian–Eulerian approach is presented and the scheme is described by extending authorʹs previous research [Y. Shimizu, 2004. “Fluid Coupling in PFC2D and PFC3D”, numerical modeling in micromechanics via particle methods—2004, Proceeding of 2nd International PFC Conference, Balkema, 2004, pp. 281–287]. The scheme solves the continuity, Navier–Stokes (N–S) and thermal energy equations numerically in Eulerian Cartesian coordinates, then derives pressure, velocity vectors and temperature for each fixed cell by considering particle existence. On the other hand, driving forces and thermal energy from fluid are applied to the particles as external body forces and a source term in the force–displacement law and the heat transfer calculations, respectively. This paper describes the thermal scheme for both fluid and particles. Results of two- and three-dimensional simulations involving forced convective heat transfer by fluid and conduction heat transfer within particles are presented.