First-principles studies on initial growth of Ni on MgO(0 0 1) surface

To elucidate the initial growth of metal on oxide surface, we studied adsorption of small nickel clusters, Nin (n = 1–5), on MgO(0 0 1) surface using first-principles method based on density-functional theory. It was found that the preferential adsorption site for an isolated Ni atom is directly above the surface oxygen atom. A strong covalent bond with partial ionic character is formed between the Ni adatom and the surface oxygen atom. Various structures were considered for the Nin isomers and 3D structures were found to be energetically more stable than 2D structures for clusters of more than two atoms. For the 2D clusters, metal–metal bonds prevail over metal-substrate bonds with increasing Ni coverage. The calculated work function and ionization energy were found to vary with Ni coverage which is attributed to the change of the surface dipole moment upon metal adsorption, while the evolution of Schottky barrier height at the initial growth stage is dominated by the adatom-induced gap states.