Oxidation study of silicon nanoparticle thin films on HOPG

Thin films of silicon nanoparticles (diameter 5–10 nm) were deposited on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) by low-pressure DC magnetron sputtering. The effect of different room-temperature oxidation techniques was investigated using XPS sputter-depth profiling. Both oxygen treatment during deposition (using an argon–oxygen mixture in the sputter gas) as well as post-deposition oxidation techniques (exposure to oxygen plasma beam, ambient air conditions) were studied. In all cases oxidation was found to involve the whole film down to the film/substrate interface, indicating a network of open pores. Depending on the type of oxidation between 15 and 25 at% of oxygen, mostly associated with low oxidation states of silicon, were detected in the interior of the film and attributed to oxidized surfaces of the individual silicon nanoparticles. The highest oxygen concentrations were found at the very film surface, reaching levels of 25–30% for films exposed to air or prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering. For the oxygen plasma-treated films even oxygen surface concentrations around 45% and fully oxidized silicon (i.e., SiO2) were achieved. At the Si/HOPG interface formation of silicon carbide was observed due to intermixing induced by Ar-ion beam used for sputter-depth profiling.