New reference electrodes based on tungsten-substituted molybdenum bronzes

New reference electrodes have been developed and tested by a solid state contact method. The performance was demonstrated at ambient temperature with polycrystalline powders from tungsten-substituted alkali molybdenum bronzes with the general formula AxMo1−yWyO3. These electrodes show no significant response to the changing of pH, cation concentration and redox potential of the measuring solution. Therefore, it is possible to use them as reference electrode for electrochemical measurements.