Synthesis and cross-linking of polyisoprene latexes

Seeded and ab initio emulsion polymerizations of isoprene using redox initiation systems were investigated and suitable reaction conditions determined to prepare polyisoprene latexes with minimal cross-linking. Polymerizations initiated with the potassium persulfate/sodium bisulfite (KPS/SBS) redox couple had a significant inhibition period and low yield. Polymerizations initiated with the tert-butyl hydroperoxide/tetraethylene-pentamine redox couple showed reasonable yields and no apparent inhibition. It is postulated that the lipophilic nature of the t-butyl group plays a favorable role in the entry of hydroperoxide-initiated oligomeric radicals, while persulfate-initiated radicals are more likely to undergo aqueous phase termination before entry. The cross-linking reaction by benzoyl peroxide (BPO) at 70 °C was investigated using this lightly cross-linked polyisoprene latex. 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography results were consistent with a reaction mechanism in which the radicals formed by the decomposition of BPO react exclusively with polyisoprene to abstract a hydrogen atom, and the resulting radicals react by termination to form cross-links. No loss of double bonds was found, suggesting that radical formation is overwhelmingly achieved by hydrogen abstraction and cross-linking occurs by termination between two radicals. Cross-linking was accompanied by chain scission, which was observed only at the beginning of the reaction. At low weight-fractions of polymer, the rate of cross-linking was dependent on the concentrations of BPO and abstractable hydrogens in a manner consistent with the postulated mechanism.