Concentration-dependent ionic conductivity and thermal stability of magnetron-sputtered nanocrystalline scandia-stabilized zirconia

Nanocrystalline (nc) scandia-stabilized zirconia (SSZ) electrolytes with scandia contents of 5.9 to 15.9 mol% were synthesized by reactive magnetron sputtering. For scandia content ≥ 9.1 mol%, the as-deposited films were pure cubic phase with < 111> texture, while traces of tetragonal phase was found for lower Sc content. Single-line profile analysis of the 111 X-ray diffraction peak yielded an out-of-plane grain size of ∼ 10 nm and a microstrain of 2.0-2.2%, regardless of scandia content, for films deposited at 400 °C and a bias of -70 V. Films deposited at higher bias voltages showed a reduced grain size, yielding a grain size of ∼ 6 nm and a microstrain of ∼ 2.5% at -200 V and -250 V with additional incorporation of argon. Temperature-dependent impedance spectroscopy of the SSZ films showed that the in-plane ionic conductivity had a maximum close to 10.7 mol% and decreased almost an order of magnitude as the scandia - content was increased to 15.9 mol%. The activation energy for oxygen ion migration was determined to be between 1.30 - 1.43 eV. In addition, no dependence on grain size was observed. The above observations suggest a bulk mechanism for ionic conduction.