Singularities in soft-impacting systems

In this paper, the character of the normal form map in the neighbourhood of a grazing orbit is investigated for four possible configurations of soft impacting systems. It is shown that, if the spring in the impacting surface is relaxed, the impacting side of the map has a power of 3 / 2 , but if the spring is pre-stressed the map has a square root singularity. The singularity appears only in the trace of the Jacobian matrix and not in the determinant. Under all conditions, the determinant of the Jacobian matrix varies continuously across the grazing condition. However, if the impacting surface has a damper, the determinant decreases exponentially with increasing penetration. found that the system behaviour is greatly dependent upon a parameter m , given by 2 ω 0 / ω forcing , and that the singularity disappears for integer values of m . Thus, if the parameters are chosen to obtain an integer value of m , one can expect no abrupt change in behaviour as the system passes through the grazing condition from a non-impacting mode to an impacting mode with increasing excitation amplitude. The above result has been tested on an experimental rig, which showed a persistence of a period-1 orbit across the grazing condition for integer values of m , but an abrupt transition to a chaotic orbit or a high-period orbit for non-integer values of m . Finally, through simulation, it is shown that the condition for vanishing singularity is not a discrete point in the parameter space. This property is valid over a neighbourhood in the parameter space, which shrinks for larger values of the stiffness ratio k 2 / k 1 .